浅埋滴灌水氮运筹对春玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用二因素二次饱和D-最优设计，于2016-2017年在辽西半干旱区移动遮雨棚内进行了水氮精量控制试验，设灌溉量和施氮量2个因素，灌溉量分别设145.4、271.7、348.2、436.2 mm 4个水平，施氮量分别设0、84.6、136.1、195.0 kg·hm^-2 4个水平，共6个处理。试验分析了水氮交互作用对春玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响，建立了产量回归模型。研究结果表明：浅埋滴灌条件下，灌溉量在145.4~350.5 mm时，春玉米产量随灌溉量的增加而增高至11 005.60 kg·hm^-2；灌溉量在350.5~436.2 mm时，产量随灌溉量的增加而降低至10 730.09 kg·hm^-2；施氮量在0~146.9 kg·hm^-2时，产量随施氮量的增加而增高至10 983.19 kg·hm^-2，施氮量在146.9~195.0 kg·hm^-2时，产量随施氮量的增加而降低至10 862.39 kg·hm^-2。灌溉量因素的影响大于施氮量，水氮之间有明显的正向交互效应，当灌溉量为373.1 mm，施氮量为165.6 kg·hm^-2时产量最高。作物耗水量在拔节-抽雄期和灌浆-收获期较大，分别为115.64、127.50 mm；水分利用效率随灌溉量的增加呈逐渐降低趋势，降低幅度达到52.21%，随着施氮量的增加则呈先升高后降低趋势，增幅为14.73%~20.08%；其中处理6（灌溉量348.2 mm，施氮量195.0 kg·hm^-2)最利于水分利用效率的提高。综合产量和水分利用效率两方面的因素，初步建立了春玉米浅埋滴灌水氮施用优化模式，参数组合为灌溉量348.2 mm、施氮量165.6 kg·hm^-2。     

不同青贮玉米大喇叭口期和成熟期耐盐碱性综合评价

以25个不同青贮玉米品种为试验材料，在宁夏银川北部盐碱地，通过测定不同品种大喇叭口期和成熟期的表型性状和光合气体交换参数进行耐盐碱性鉴定，并利用主成分分析和模糊隶属函数法对不同青贮玉米的耐盐碱强弱进行综合评价。结果表明：各青贮玉米品种处于不同生育期时对盐碱的敏感程度不同（发育阶段性），同一时期不同品种之间耐盐碱性也存在着差异（品种特异性）。根据综合评价值（D值）大小，将耐盐碱性分为三级：D值大于0.6为强耐盐碱性材料；D值在0.2~0.6之间为中耐盐碱性材料；D值低于0.2为对盐碱敏感的材料。其中，在大喇叭口期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：科多8号、桂青贮1号和133-2/1528，D值分别为0.770、0.705和0.614；在成熟期时具有强耐盐碱性的材料有：H14/A18和桂青贮1号，D值分别为0.761和0.728；而表现为敏盐性的材料为H14/1528，D值在大喇叭口期和成熟期时分别为0.140和0.155；其余品种均属于中度耐盐碱材料，D值处于0.2~0.6之间。     

冠菌素对玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响

在田间条件下，以玉米品种先玉335和郑单958为材料，在八展叶时于叶面喷施不同浓度 (0、0.01、0.1、1和10 μmol/L) 冠菌素 (COR)，研究了COR对玉米抗倒伏能力及产量的影响。结果表明:经10 μmol/L COR处理后，先玉335的株高和穗位高分别比对照降低了7.0%和19.9%，郑单958分别降低了20.8%和18.2%，单株叶面积、节间抗折断力、穗下第8~14节间长度和节间最大直径与对照间亦差异显著。且随着COR浓度的增加，先玉335和郑单958的株高、穗位高、单株叶面积和穗下第8~14 节间长度均逐渐降低；第8~14节间最大直径和节间抗折断力逐渐增大。经1 μmol/L COR处理后，2个供试玉米品种的产量、穗数、穗粒数和千粒重较对照均有所增加，其中先玉335的产量较对照增加了9.9%，郑单958增加了4.3%。综上所述，COR可以提高玉米的抗倒伏能力，不同品种玉米对COR的敏感性不同，其中先玉335抗倒伏的最适COR浓度为10 μmol/L，郑单958抗倒伏的最适COR浓度为1 μmol/L。     

玉米根系分泌物缓解连作花生土壤酚酸类物质的 化感抑制作用

为探讨玉米//花生间作系统中玉米根系分泌物对连作花生土壤中酚酸类物质化感作用的影响机制，采用二氯甲烷提取了玉米抽雄期根系分泌物，添加到含有不同浓度的连作花生根系分泌物中主要的三种酚酸类物质（肉桂酸、邻苯二甲酸和对羟基苯甲酸）混合物的土壤中，研究了土壤微生态环境变化情况。结果表明，酚酸类物质对土壤微生物量、微生物活性、酶活性及养分含量均存在化感抑制作用，且浓度越高，抑制作用越强（P＜0.05）。整个培养时期，添加玉米根系分泌物均增加了酚酸类物质处理土壤呼吸强度、酶活性、微生物量及养分含量，以低浓度处理增幅较大，分别平均增加7.58%、6.73%、7.72%和4.90%；降低了酚酸类物质对土壤各指标的化感指数，其中低浓度酚酸类物质处理土壤微生物量碳氮、微生物活性、酶活性和养分含量的化感指数分别降低21.57%、21.19%、 26.32%和20.95%。3次取样，酚酸类物质的化感作用呈先增强后降低的趋势，各处理在第10d达到最强；而玉米根系分泌物对酚酸类物质化感作用的影响以处理第5d最强，随后呈减弱趋势。玉米根系分泌物可在一定程度上缓解酚酸类物质对土壤微生态环境的化感作用，为玉米//花生间作缓解花生连作障碍技术提供了理论依据。     

草地贪夜蛾对玉米和烟草的偏好性研究

自2019年初首先在云南省发现草地贪夜蛾入侵中国以来,该虫已对国家粮食安全构成严重威胁。草地贪夜蛾寄主范围广,主要喜食禾本科植物,同时也能为害多种双子叶植物。本研究以玉米和烟草为测试对象,比较研究了草地贪夜蛾在两种寄主上的产卵量及两种寄主植物对草地贪夜蛾生长发育的影响。结果表明,每个养虫笼中放入2对雌雄成虫,玉米植株上的卵块数量(17±2.65)块/笼显著多于烟草叶片上的卵块数量(3±1.73)块/笼,玉米上的幼虫数量(834.67±275.16)头/笼显著多于烟草上的幼虫数量(92±55.83)头/笼,表明草地贪夜蛾更喜欢选择玉米进行产卵和取食。烟草上草地贪夜蛾幼虫死亡率达92.53%±1.46%,但其能在烟草上产卵和存活。取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期、死亡率、体重、蛹重分别为(17.22±1.90)d、24.35%±8.13%、(0.261±0.112)g/头、(0.187±0.030)g/头,取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾对应的参数分别为(26.80±1.89)d、85.49%±4.16%、(0.034±0.028)g/头、(0.131±0.028)g/头,表明取食烟草叶片的草地贪夜蛾幼虫发育历期显著延长,幼虫死亡率显著升高,幼虫体重和蛹重显著下降。与取食玉米籽粒的草地贪夜蛾相比,取食烟草叶片的个体适合度显著降低,但成虫配对后能够产卵并孵化出幼虫。与非嗜好寄主烟草相比,草地贪夜蛾取食嗜好寄主玉米表现出更高的适合度,其偏好选择玉米进行产卵和取食,但在烟草上也能完成生活史,种群密度大时存在为害烟草的潜在风险。     

Effects of three types of soil amendments on yield and soil nitrogen balance of maize-wheat rotation system in the Hetao Irrigation Area,China

Excessive fertilization combined with unreasonable irrigation in farmland of the Hetao Irrigation Area (HIR), China, has resulted in a large amount of nitrogen (N) losses and agricultural non-point source pollution. Application of soil amendments has become one of the important strategies for reducing N losses of farmland. However, there is still no systematic study on the effects of various soil amendments on N losses in the HIR. In this study, three types of soil amendments (biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide) were applied in a maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR during 2015-2017. Yields of maize and wheat, soil NH₃ volatilization, N₂O emission and NO₃^- leaching were determined and soil N balance was estimated. The results showed that applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly increased yields of maize by 9.2%, 14.3% and 13.3%, respectively, and wheat by 9.2%, 16.6% and 12.3%, respectively, compared with the control (fertilization alone). Applications of biochar, bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced soil N leaching by 23.1%, 35.5% and 27.1%, soil NH₃-N volatilization by 34.8%, 52.7% and 37.8%, and soil N surplus by 23.9%, 37.4% and 30.6%, respectively. Applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide significantly reduced N₂O-N emissions from soil by 37.3% and 35.8%, respectively, compared with the control. Compared with application of biochar, applications of bentonite and polyacrylamide increased yields of maize and wheat by 5.1% and 3.5%, respectively. Our results suggest that soil amendments (bentonite and polyacrylamide) can play important roles in reducing N losses and increasing yield for the maize-wheat rotation system in the HIR, China.     

青贮玉米品质性状遗传变异及主成分分析

为了鉴定青贮玉米品质性状间的相关和依附关系,对14份青贮玉米材料的22个品质性状检测分析,并进行一般描述统计、遗传变异、相关性及主成分分析。结果表明,参试青贮玉米各品质性状中,脂肪、钾、木质素、淀粉含量的变异系数较大,分别为0.20、0.19、0.17和0.16,表明这些性状在品种遗传选育进程中有较大的改良空间;消化率及能量品质相关性状的变异系数介于0.03~0.08,表明这部分性状难以得到遗传改良;青贮玉米品质性状间相关性较大,适宜采用主成分分析保留品质性状的最重要方面。对测试的22个品质性状进行主成分提取,前3个主成分的累积贡献率达到91.29%,分别代表了青贮玉米的饲用价值、微量元素及粗蛋白成分。     

The role of ear environment in postharvest susceptibility of maize to toxigenic Aspergillus flavus

A kernel screening assay (KSA) was used to assess the genetic and environmental effects on the vulnerability of maize to aflatoxin accumulation. Kernels of 26 inbred lines that had been grown in seven environments, and 190 lines of the Intermated B73xMo17 (IBM) population grown in one location in the United States, were inoculated with a toxigenic strain of A. flavus and incubated in the dark at 30°C for 6 days. Percent kernel colonization (PKC), sporulation and aflatoxin were influenced by the maize genotypes (G), the location (“ear environment” or E) and the GxE interactions. Overall, low broad‐sense heritabilities were observed for PKC, sporulation and aflatoxin. PKC was significantly correlated with sporulation in all environments. Aflatoxin was positively correlated with colonization for two and with sporulation for all ear environments. Higher grain sulphur or magnesium in IBM was associated with less colonization or aflatoxin. Postharvest susceptibility of maize to aflatoxin is thus influenced by factors that are modulated by the ear environment. In a KSA, sporulation could be a proxy test for aflatoxin accumulation.